Objective To explore the effects of teach-back method on improving dietary adherence and nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods The lottery method was used to randomly determine patients with peritoneal dialysis in the new hospital district as the experimental group and patients in the old district as the control group,and 40 cases were conveniently selected in each group. The experimental group was applied with diet management based on teach-back method as well as routine diet management. The control group was applied with only routine diet management. Results Three months after discharge,there were significant differences in total scores of Renal Adherence Attitudes Questionnaire（RAAQ） and Renal Adherence Behaviour Questionnaire（RABQ）（t=5.856,P<0.001;t=6.168,P<0.001） between two groups,the intakes in three-day diet diary such as protein（t=4.124,P<0.001）,dietary calories（t=-2.033,P=0.045）,total calories（t=-2.061,P=0.043）,sodium（t=-5.918,P<0.001）,potassium（t=-2.352,P=0.021） and drinking water（t=-3.448,P=0.001） were significantly improved. The score of Subjective Global Assessment（ χ²=6.646,P=0.010）,the nutritional indicators such as hemoglobin（t=2.247,P=0.036） and albumin（t=2.547,P=0.017） were significantly improved. Conclusion Applying teach-back method into diet management among peritoneal dialysis patients can improve patients' dietary adherence,form a good diet behavior,and improve nutritional status.